Documentation provided by V. Radionov, edited by F. Fetterer
Overview
This Atlas includes monthly means of meteorological observation data from 65 Russian coastal and island stations for a period that includes (at a minimum) the early 1950s through 1990. (See Table 4 for details, and Table 8 for the current WMO station names for these 65 stations, as there may be differences in the transliteration of the names. Use the Atlas interface to see the length of the data record at any station for any of the parameters included in the Atlas.)
Meteorological observations were taken 24 hours a day. Observation hours were changed several times within the period of record. Observations were performed at 0700, 1300 and 2100 local solar time up to 1935; at 0100, 0700, 1300 and 1900 local solar time for 1936 through 1965; and at 0000, 0300, 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800 and 2100 hours Moscow Local Time for 1966 through 1991. All times have been converted to GMT for the data set on this Atlas. A description of the surface parameters measured at the stations is presented in Table 5. Note that not all of these parameters are included on this Atlas. This Atlas contains monthly mean values for two-meter air temperature, surface pressure, relative humidity, surface (soil or snow) temperature, total cloud amount, and low cloud amount.
Meteorological observations were performed according to the Manual for hydrometeorological stations and posts [Gidrometeoizdat, 1985]. The meteorological site was 26 m by 26 m in size, and was located on relief typical of the area. It was more than 100 m distant from any bodies of water, and at a distance 20 times the height of any obstruction (such as trees or a building). Station and barometer elevations as well as the dates of installation of Tretyakov precipitation gauges (which replaced Nipher shielded gauges) are presented in Table 6. The accuracy of observations is given in Table 7. In the original data tables some gaps occurred in the period of record and other gaps were introduced due to quality control.
Average daily, 10-day, monthly, seasonal, annual and long-term values of meteorological parameters were calculated from individual observations. The meteorological parameters needed for operational applications were recorded within 24 hours on paper tape. The average monthly values of air temperature taken at 2 m, surface temperature, atmospheric pressure, amount of total and lower cloud, and relative humidity were recorded at the stations, and are included in the data set on this Atlas after quality control. Quality control of the coastal and island station data was performed using the methods outlined in the section "AARI Quality Control Methods".
WMO station names
Stations are referred to throughout this Atlas by the transliteration of their Russian name provided by AARI. This, as well as the position of the station, may vary from the WMO name for the station. Table 8 shows the names and positions used on this Atlas (from AARI) along with the corresponding WMO information. The information on WMO stations was obtained on-line from the NOAA National Weather Service (http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oso/site.shtml).
Table 4. Russian coastal and island stations
Synoptic number | Station | Month and year the station activity started |
20026 | OSTROV VICTORIYA | Sep. 1959 |
20034 | NAGURSKAYA | Jun. 1952 |
20046 | OSTROV HEISA | Nov. 1957 |
20049 | OSTROV RUDOLFA | Sep. 1932 |
20066 | OSTROV USHAKOVA | Jul. 1954 |
20069 | OSTROV VIZE | Nov. 1945 |
20087 | MYS GOLOMYANNYY | Jul. 1954 |
20186 | OSTROVA KRASNOPHLOTSKIE | Oct. 1953 |
20274 | OSTROV UEDINENIYA | Sep. 1934 |
20277 | OSTROV ISACHENKO | Oct. 1953 |
20289 | OSTROV RUSSKIY | Sep. 1935 |
20292 | MYS CHELUSKIN | Sep. 1932 |
20294 | OSTROV GEYBERGA | Jan. 1952 |
20353 | MYS ZHELANIYA | Oct. 1931 |
20357 | RUSSKAYA GAVAN | Sep. 1932 |
20388 | OSTROV PRAVDY | Aug. 1940 |
20471 | OSTROV IZVESTIY ZIK | Oct. 1953 |
20476 | MYS STERLEGOVA | Oct. 1934 |
20665 | OSTROV VILKITSKOGO | Mar. 1954 |
20667 | OSTROV BELYY | Nov. 1933 |
20674 | OSTROV DIKSON | Sep. 1916 |
20679 | UST-TAREYA | Feb. 1954 |
20696 | MYS KOSISTYY | Jul. 1939 |
20744 | MALYE KARMAKULY | Jan. 1897 |
20766 | MYS LESKINA | Oct. 1934 |
20856 | MYS KHARASAVEY | Oct. 1953 |
20871 | SOPOCHNAYA KARGA | Oct. 1939 |
20891 | KHATANGA | Dec. 1928 |
20946 | BOLVANSKIY NOS | Oct. 1947 |
21301 | OSTROV ANDREYA | Oct. 1942 |
21358 | OSTROV ZOKHOVA | Feb. 1955 |
21405 | BUKHTA PRONCHISHCHEVOY | Oct. 1934 |
21432 | OSTROV KOTELNYY | Jul. 1933 |
21504 | OSTROV PREOBRAZHENIYA | Oct. 1934 |
21535 | PROLIV SANNIKOVA | Dec. 1940 |
21541 | ZEMLYA BUNGE | Oct. 1953 |
21611 | MYS TERPYAY-TUMSA | Dec. 1959 |
21613 | OSTROV DUNAY | Nov. 1954 |
21627 | SAGYLLAH-ARY | Oct. 1961 |
21636 | KIGILYAKH | Oct. 1934 |
21647 | MYS SHALAUROVA | Nov. 1928 |
21733 | MYS SVYATOY NOS | Jun. 1952 |
21824 | BUKHTA TIKSI | Aug. 1932 |
21825 | OSTROV MUOSTAKH | Sep. 1935 |
21849 | INDIGIRSKAYA | Jun. 1955 |
21931 | KAZACHIE | Jan. 1934 |
21955 | ALAZEYA | Jul. 1947 |
21965 | OSTROV CHETYREKHSTOLBOVOY | Oct. 1933 |
21978 | VALKARKAY | Oct. 1941 |
21982 | OSTROV VRANGELYA | Sep. 1926 |
23022 | AMDERMA | Dec. 1933 |
23032 | MARRE-SALE | Sep. 1914 |
25034 | BUKHTA AMBARCHIK | Oct. 1935 |
25042 | AYON | Jun. 1939 |
25051 | PEVEK | Jan. 1935 |
25062 | MYS BILLINGSA | Aug. 1935 |
25121 | KOLYMSKAYA | Jan. 1949 |
25123 | CHERSKIY | Nov. 1940 |
25151 | CHAUN | Jan. 1946 |
25173 | MYS SCHMIDTA | Sep. 1932 |
25282 | VANKAREM | Oct. 1934 |
25286 | OSTROV KOLUCHIN | May. 1941 |
25399 | MYS UELEN | Sep. 1928 |
25594 | BUKHTA PROVIDENIYA | Sep. 1934 |
25595 | CHAPLINO | Dec. 1939 |
Table 5. Meteorological parameters measured at the meteorological stations
Meteorological parameter | Observation characteristic |
Air temperature | Temperature, maximum, minimum (with thermograph) |
Air pressure | Pressure, pressure tendency (with barograph) |
Air humidity | Partial pressure of water vapor, relative humidity, moisture deficit (with self-recording hydrometer) |
Precipitation | Measurement of amount, duration period (within 24 hours), and type of precipitation two or four times within 24 hours |
Wind | Direction and wind speed (with an anemorumbograph, or recording anemometer) |
Cloud | Amount of total and low cloud, its form and type (observation made visually) |
Visibility | Values of horizontal meteorological visibility by devices or visually (using landmarks) |
Atmospheric phenomena | Snowstorms, fogs, squalls, thundershowers, precipitation (noted by observer) |
Sunlight | Duration period (by heliograph) |
Sheet of glaze and rime accretion | Thickness and diameter of accretion |
Temperature of soil or snow surface | Temperature, and daily maximum and minimum |
Snow cover | At meteorological site: snow depth, fractional area of snow cover (daily). On snow survey course 0.5-2 km: depth and density of snow (daily and monthly) |
Table 6. Station and barometer elevations (meters above sea level, or MASL) and dates of Tretyakov's precipitation gauge installation (usually replacing earlier Nipher gauge).
WMO No |
Station | Station (MASL) | Barometer (MASL) | Installation of Tretyakov's precipitation gauge |
20026 | OSTROV VICTORIYA | 8 | 9.2 | 10 Jan. 1960 |
20034 | NAGURSKAYA | 15 | 17.2 | 30 Jun. 1952 |
20046 | OSTROV HEISA | 20 | 21.0 | 1957 |
20049 | OSTROV RUDOLFA | 51 | 46.0 | 21 Sep. 1951 |
20066 | OSTROV USHAKOVA | 49 | 50.7 | 1954 |
20069 | OSTROV VIZE | 10 | 11.0 | 20 Apr. 1953 |
20087 | MYS GOLOMYANNYY | 7 | 8.0 | 14 Jun. 1954 |
20186 | OSTROVA KRASNOPHLOTSKIE | 8 | 5.6 | 25 Oct. 1953 |
20274 | OSTROV UEDINENIYA | 22 | 8.6 | 20 Sep. 1951 |
20277 | OSTROV ISACHENKO | 10 | 4.7 | 07 Oct. 1953 |
20289 | OSTROV RUSSKIY | 9 | 9.2 | 08 Sep. 1954 |
20292 | MYS CHELUSKIN | 13 | 14.2 | 10 Oct. 1949 |
20294 | OSTROV GEYBERGA | 6 | 7.5 | 24 Sep. 1951 |
20353 | MYS ZHELANIYA | 8 | 8.9 | 20 Jun. 1951 |
20357 | RUSSKAYA GAVAN | 18 | 9.4 | 18 Aug. 1949 |
20388 | OSTROV PRAVDY | 10 | 9.9 | 1954 |
20471 | OSTROV IZVESTIY ZIK | 11 | 11.9 | 1953 |
20476 | MYS STERLEGOVA | 10 | 9.4 | 31 Aug. 1951 |
20665 | OSTROV VILKITSKOGO | 3 | 3.6 | 01 Mar. 1954 |
20667 | OSTROV BELYY | 4 | 6.2 | 1954 |
20674 | OSTROV DIKSON | 42 | 47.2 | 01 Oct. 1949 |
20679 | UST-TAREYA | 14 | 16.9 | 19 Jan. 1954 |
20696 | MYS KOSISTYY | 20 | 9.5 | 26 Oct. 1954 |
20744 | MALYE KARMAKULY | 20 | 15.7 | 31 Jul. 1953 |
20766 | MYS LESKINA | 10 | 10.8 | 18 Oct. 1954 |
20856 | MYS KHARASAVEY | 10 | 11.7 | 01 Oct. 1953 |
20871 | SOPOCHNAYA KARGA | 4 | 5.8 | 09 Sep. 1954 |
20891 | KHATANGA | 30 | 33.4 | 1956 |
20946 | BOLVANSKIY NOS | 13 | 12.2 | 27 Mar. 1952 |
21301 | OSTROV ANDREYA | 6 | 5.4 | 03 Oct. 1952 |
21358 | OSTROV ZOKHOVA | 14 | 16.0 | 01 Jun. 1955 |
21405 | BUKHTA PRONCHISHCHEVOY | 15 | 5.7 | 1954 |
21432 | OSTROV KOTELNYY | 10 | 7.8 | 03 Nov. 1949 |
21504 | OSTROV PREOBRAZHENIYA | 24 | 10.6 | 01 Oct. 1949 |
21535 | PROLIV SANNIKOVA | 16 | 16.0 | 28 Feb. 1953 |
21541 | ZEMLYA BUNGE | 10 | 11.4 | 01 Oct. 1953 |
21611 | MYS TERPYAY-TUMSA | 12 | 9.3 | 17 May. 1956 |
21613 | OSTROV DUNAY | 5 | 3.4 | 20 Nov. 1954 |
21627 | SAGYLLAH-ARY | 1 | 2.9 | 12 Jul. 1963 |
21636 | KIGILYAKH | 26 | 24.7 | 06 May. 1951 |
21647 | MYS SHALAUROVA | 14 | 21.8 | 10 Oct. 1953 |
21733 | MYS SVYATOY NOS | 6 | 6.5 | 01 Oct. 1953 |
21824 | BUKHTA TIKSI | 6 | 6.7 | 01 Jul. 1953 |
21825 | OSTROV MUOSTAKH | 3 | 4.1 | 04 Oct. 1953 |
21849 | INDIGIRSKAYA | 2 | 4.1 | 08 Aug. 1954 |
21931 | KAZACHIE | 25 | 26.2 | 17 May. 1955 |
21955 | ALAZEYA | 2 | 3.9 | 15 Sep. 1952 |
21965 | OSTROV CHETYREKHSTOLBOVOY | 32 | 15.3 | 13 Aug. 1953 |
21978 | VALKARKAY | 4 | 6.3 | 05 Nov. 1952 |
21982 | OSTROV VRANGELYA | 2 | 2.0 | 20 Sep. 1953 |
23022 | AMDERMA | 52 | 46.0 | 1952 |
23032 | MARRE-SALE | 24 | 25.4 | 29 Aug. 1951 |
25034 | BUKHTA AMBARCHIK | 26 | 22.0 | 25 Nov. 1955 |
25042 | AYON | 16 | 13.0 | 11 Aug. 1954 |
25051 | PEVEK | 5 | 5.3 | 1953 |
25062 | MYS BILLINGSA | 4 | 4.4 | 01 Oct. 1954 |
25121 | KOLYMSKAYA | 10 | 15.0 | 1956 |
25123 | CHERSKIY | 23 | 24.5 | 28 May. 1955 |
25151 | CHAUN | 6 | 8.0 | 15 Sep. 1960 |
25173 | MYS SCHMIDTA | 3 | 4.4 | 01 Oct. 1949 |
25282 | VANKAREM | 5 | 6.0 | 23 Aug. 1954 |
25286 | OSTROV KOLUCHIN | 38 | 40.4 | 29 Aug. 1949 |
25399 | MYS UELEN | 6 | 7.0 | 1953 |
25594 | BUKHTA PROVIDENIYA | 9 | 11.2 | 04 Apr. 1950 |
25595 | CHAPLINO | 5 | 5.1 | 15 Aug. 1954 |
Table 7. Meteorological parameters and measurement accuracy.
Parameter | Measurement (observation) accuracy |
Air temperature | Air temperature is measured by mercury thermometer placed in psychrometric box at a meteorological site. Measurement accuracy is equal to 0.1 °C. |
Air pressure | Atmospheric air pressure is measured by mercury barometer placed in stationary room at 50 to 60 cm height from floor (barometric cistern). Corrected record is written in hPa with accuracy up to 0.1 hPa. (This is given as mbar in the data set on this Atlas). |
Air humidity | Relative humidity is calculated by records of dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers (in summer) and by data of dry thermometer and hair hygrometer (when temperature is below -10 °C). Calculation accuracy is 1 percent. |
Cloud | Cloud is defined visually. Cloud amount is given in tenths; cloud forms are defined by the international Atlas of clouds; base height of low cloud border is defined visually or by IVO device with accuracy up to 50 m. |
Precipitation | Precipitation amount is measured by "O-1" precipitation gauge (Tretyakov precipitation gauge) twice daily (0000 and 0600 hours local time) to an accuracy of 0.1 mm. |
Surface temperature | Temperature of the soil or snow surface is measured by mercury thermometer and recorded to the nearest whole degree. |
Table 8. Station information from AARI compared with WMO station information. Dashes indicate no match.
AARI Station number | WMO Station Number | AARI Station Name | WMO Station Name | AARI Station Latitude (dec. deg. N.) | WMO Station Latitude (dec. deg. N.) | AARI Station Longitude (dec. deg. E.) | WMO Station Longitude (dec. deg. E.) |
20026 | 20026 | OSTROV VICTORIYA | Viktoriya Island | 80.15 | 80.17 | 36.77 | 36.75 |
20034 | ----- | NAGURSKAYA | - | 80.8 | ----- | 47.63 | ------ |
20046 | 20046 | OSTROV HEISA | Polargmo Im. E. T. Krenkelja | 80.62 | 80.62 | 58.05 | 58.05 |
20049 | 20049 | OSTROV RUDOLFA | Tikhaya Bay | 81.8 | 80.37 | 57.97 | 52.92 |
20066 | 20066 | OSTROV USHAKOVA | Ushakova Island | 80.82 | 80.83 | 79.55 | 79.7 |
20069 | 20069 | OSTROV VIZE | Ostrov Vize | 79.5 | 79.5 | 76.98 | 76.98 |
20087 | 20087 | MYS GOLOMYANNYY | Ostrov Golomjannyj | 79.55 | 79.55 | 90.62 | 90.62 |
20186 | ----- | OSTROVA KRASNOPHLOTSKIE | - | 78.63 | ----- | 98.72 | ------ |
20274 | 20274 | OSTROV UEDINENIYA | Ostrov Uedinenija | 77.5 | 77.5 | 82.23 | 82.2 |
20277 | 20277 | OSTROV ISACHENKO | Isachenko Island | 77.15 | 77.28 | 89.2 | 89.67 |
20289 | 20289 | OSTROV RUSSKIY | Russkiy Island | 77.17 | 77.18 | 96.43 | 96.58 |
20292 | 20292 | MYS CHELUSKIN | Gmo Im. E. K. Fedorova | 77.72 | 77.72 | 104.3 | 104.3 |
20294 | ----- | OSTROV GEYBERGA | - | 77.6 | ----- | 101.52 | ------ |
20353 | 20353 | MYS ZHELANIYA | Mys Zelanija | 76.95 | 76.95 | 68.58 | 68.55 |
20357 | 20357 | RUSSKAYA GAVAN | Russkaya Gavan | 76.18 | 76.18 | 63.57 | 63.57 |
20388 | 20388 | OSTROV PRAVDY | Pravdy Island | 76.27 | 76.28 | 94.28 | 94.73 |
20471 | 20471 | OSTROV IZVESTIY ZIK | Troynoy Island | 75.92 | 75.92 | 83.08 | 83.25 |
20476 | 20476 | MYS STERLEGOVA | Cape Sterlegova | 75.42 | 75.4 | 88.9 | 88.78 |
20665 | 20665 | OSTROV VILKITSKOGO | Vilkickogo Island | 73.52 | 73.5 | 75.77 | 76 |
20667 | 20667 | OSTROV BELYY | Im. M. V. Popova | 73.33 | 73.33 | 70.05 | 70.05 |
20674 | 20674 | OSTROV DIKSON | Ostrov Dikson | 73.5 | 73.5 | 80.23 | 80.4 |
20679 | 20679 | UST-TAREYA | Tareya Stream | 73.22 | 73.25 | 89.72 | 90.92 |
20696 | ----- | MYS KOSISTYY | - | 73.67 | ----- | 109.73 | ------ |
20744 | 20744 | MALYE KARMAKULY | Malye Karmakuly | 72.38 | 72.37 | 52.73 | 52.7 |
20766 | 20766 | MYS LESKINA | Leskino | 72.35 | 72.33 | 79.55 | 79.5 |
20856 | 20856 | MYS KHARASAVEY | Cape Kharasovoy | 71.13 | 71.4 | 66.75 | 67.63 |
20871 | 20871 | SOPOCHNAYA KARGA | Sopochnaya Karga | 71.87 | 71.9 | 82.7 | 82.72 |
20891 | 20891 | KHATANGA | Hatanga | 71.97 | 71.98 | 102.47 | 102.47 |
20946 | 20946 | BOLVANSKIY NOS | Cape Bolvanskij | 70.45 | 70.45 | 59.07 | 59.07 |
21301 | 21301 | OSTROV ANDREYA | Andreya Island | 76.82 | 76.8 | 111.45 | 110.83 |
21358 | ----- | OSTROV ZOKHOVA | - | 76.15 | ----- | 152.83 | ------ |
21405 | ----- | BUKHTA PRONCHISHCHEVOY | - | 75.53 | ----- | 113.43 | ------ |
21432 | 21432 | OSTROV KOTELNYY | Ostrov Kotel'Nyj | 76 | 76 | 137.9 | 137.87 |
21504 | 21504 | OSTROV PREOBRAZHENIYA | Ostrov Preobrazenija | 74.67 | 74.67 | 112.93 | 112.93 |
21535 | ----- | PROLIV SANNIKOVA | - | 74.67 | ----- | 138.9 | ------ |
21541 | ----- | ZEMLYA BUNGE | - | 74.88 | ----- | 142.12 | ------ |
21611 | ----- | MYS TERPYAY-TUMSA | - | 73.55 | ----- | 118.67 | ------ |
21613 | ----- | OSTROV DUNAY | - | 73.93 | ----- | 124.5 | ------ |
21627 | ----- | SAGYLLAH-ARY | - | 73.15 | ----- | 128.9 | ------ |
21636 | ----- | KIGILYAKH | - | 73.35 | ----- | 139.88 | ------ |
21647 | 21647 | MYS SHALAUROVA | Mys Shalaurova | 73.18 | 73.18 | 143.93 | 143.23 |
21733 | ----- | MYS SVYATOY | - | 72.83 | ----- | 140.73 | ------ |
21824 | 21824 | BUKHTA TIKSI | Tiksi | 71.58 | 71.58 | 128.92 | 128.92 |
21825 | 21825 | OSTROV MUOSTAKH | Mostakh Island | 71.55 | 71.53 | 130.02 | 129.92 |
21849 | ----- | INDIGIRSKAYA | - | 71.27 | ----- | 150.28 | ------ |
21931 | 21931 | KAZACHIE | Jubilejnaja | 70.75 | 70.77 | 136.22 | 136.22 |
21955 | ----- | ALAZEYA | - | 70.67 | ----- | 154 | ------ |
21965 | 21965 | OSTROV CHETYREKHSTOLBOVOY | Ostrov Chetyreh-Stolbovoy | 70.63 | 70.63 | 162.48 | 162.48 |
21978 | ----- | VALKARKAY | - | 70.08 | ----- | 170.93 | ------ |
21982 | 21982 | OSTROV VRANGELYA | Ostrov Vrangelja | 70.97 | 70.98 | 181.52 | 178.48 |
23022 | 23022 | AMDERMA | Amderma | 69.77 | 69.75 | 61.68 | 61.7 |
23032 | 23032 | MARRE-SALE | Maresale | 69.72 | 69.72 | 66.8 | 66.8 |
25034 | 25034 | BUKHTA AMBARCHIK | Buhta Ambarcik | 69.63 | 69.62 | 162.3 | 162.3 |
25042 | 25042 | AYON | Ajon Island | 69.93 | 69.83 | 167.98 | 168.67 |
25051 | ----- | PEVEK | - | 69.7 | ----- | 170.25 | ------ |
25062 | ----- | MYS BILLINGSA | - | 69.88 | ----- | 175.77 | ------ |
25121 | 25121 | KOLYMSKAYA | Koljmskaja | 68.68 | 68.73 | 158.72 | 158.73 |
25123 | 25123 | CHERSKIY | Cherskij | 68.8 | 68.75 | 161.28 | 161.28 |
25151 | 25151 | CHAUN | Caun | 68.88 | 68.8 | 170.78 | 170.67 |
25173 | 25173 | MYS SCHMIDTA | Mys Shmidta | 68.92 | 68.9 | 180.53 | 179.37 |
25282 | ----- | VANKAREM | - | 67.83 | ----- | 184.17 | ------ |
25286 | ----- | OSTROV KOLUCHIN | - | 67.48 | ----- | 185.37 | ------ |
25399 | 25399 | MYS UELEN | Mys Uelen | 66.17 | 66.17 | 190.17 | 169.83 |
25594 | 25594 | BUKHTA PROVIDENIYA | Buhta Providenja | 64.42 | 64.42 | 186.77 | 173.23 |
25595 | ----- | CHAPLINO | - | 64.4 | ----- | 187.75 | ------ |