Primer Sources

Contributions

Reed, R. J., Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, provided information for the section on Polar Lows.

Publications

Adams, K., M.M. Buechner, D. Eisenberg, T. Gray, M. Krantz, J. Morse, M. Orecklin, A. Sanders, S. Veitch. 1998. It Hasn't Been This Sizzling In Centuries. Time May 4. Vol. 151. No. 17.

AMAP. 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, P.O. box 8100 Dep., N-0032 Oslo, Norway.

Armstrong, T., Rogers, G., Rowley, G. 1978. The Circumpolar North. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London. p. 9.

Barry, R.G. 1983. Arctic Ocean Ice and Climate: Perspectives on a Century of Polar Research. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73(4):485-501.

Barry, R.G. 1995. "Land of the Midnight Sun." in Polar Regions: The Illustrated Library of the Earth edited by Jack D. Ives and David Sugden. RD Press 26-32 Waterloo Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia. pp 28-39.

Barry, R.G., R.J. Chorley. 1998. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, Seventh Edition Routledge, New York, NY.

Barry, R.G., M.C. Serreze, J.A. Maslanik, R.H. Preller. 1993. The Arctic Sea - Ice Climate System: Observations and Modelling. Reviews of Geophysics 31 pp 397-422.

Barry, R.G., R.K. Hare. "Arctic Climate." Arctic and Alpine Environments. J.P. Ives and R.G. Barry, editors. Methuen, London. pp 17-54.

Belt, D. 1997. An Arctic Breakthrough. National Geographic February pp 36-57.

Bond, B. 1980. The Handbook of Sailing. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. New York.

Calvin, W.H. 1998. The Great Climate Flip-flop. The Atlantic Monthly January.

Carlowicz, M. 1997. New Data From Cold War Treasure Trove. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 78(9):93,97.

Clark, M.P., M.C. Serreze, R.G. Barry. 1996. Characteristics of Arctic Ocean Climate Based on COADS Data, 1980-1993. Geophysical Research Letters 23(15):1953-1956.

Crane, K., J.L. Galasso. 1999. Map 22. "Peoples of the Arctic." Arctic Environmental Atlas. Office of Naval Research. Naval Research Laboratory. Hunter College.

Davis, N.T. 1992. The Aurora Watcher's Handbook. University of Alaska Press. ISBN 0-912006-60-9.

Dickson, B. 1999. All Change in the Arctic. Nature 397(6718):389-391.

Kahl, J.D. et al. 1992. In Situ Meteorological Sounding Archives for Arctic Studies. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 73(11):1824-1830.

Levere, T.H. 1993. Science and the Canadian Arctic: A Century of Exploration, 1818-1918. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York. pp 61, 70, 379-381.

Lydolph, P.E. 1977. "Climates of the Soviet Union." World Survey of Climatology vol 7. editor: H.E. Landsberg. Elsevier Publishing Company. Amsterdam-London-New York.

Macilwain, C. 1998. Gore Calls For Action on Climate Change as Congress Stalls. Nature 394:305.

McGhee, R. 1995. "Life at High Altitudes." in Polar Regions: The Illustrated Library of the Earth edited by Jack D. Ives and David Sugden. RD press 26-32 Waterloo Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia. pp 126-143.

Mirsky, J. 1934. To The North! The Story of Arctic Exploration from Earliest Times to the Present. The Viking Press, New York, New York. pp 256, 317-318.

Monastersky, R. 1999. Sea Change in the Arctic: An Oceanful of Clues Points to Climatic Warming in the Far North. Science News vol. 155 (February 13).

Moran, J.M., M.D. Morgan 1989. Meteorology: The Atmosphere and the Science of Weather. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, New York. 557 pages

Morison, J.,K. Aagaard, M. Steele. 1998. Report on Study of the Arctic Change Workshop held: November 10-12, 1997. University of Washington Seattle, Washington. Report #8. NSF Grant # OPP-9712315

NASA. 1998. The Earth Science Enterprise Series: Global Warming. NASA Facts. NF-222. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771.

NASA. 1998. The Earth Science Enterprise Series: Polar Ice. NASA Facts. NF-212. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771.

National Geographic Society. 1983. Arctic Ocean: National Geographic Map Supplement National Geographic. February vol 163(2):144A.

Naval Research Laboratory Marine Meteorology Division. 1992. Arctic - East Siberian/Chukchi/Beaufort Seas Weather Analysis and Forecast Applications - Meteorological Satellite Systems. Navy Tactical Applications Guide, vol 8, part 2.

Ogilvie, A.E., L.K. Barlow, A.E. Jennings. 2000. North Atlantic Climate c. AD 1000: Millennial Reflections on the Viking Discoveries of Iceland, Greenland and North America. Weather. vol 55(2):34-45.

Orvig, S. 1970. "Climates of the Polar Regions." World Survey of Climatology. vol 14. editor: H.E. Landsberg. Elsevier Publishing Company. Amsterdam-London-New York.

Petterssen, S., W.C. Jacobs, B.C. Haynes. 1956. Meteorology of the Arctic. Naval Operations For Polar Projects Op-03A3 (OPNAV PO3-3). March.

Reed, R. 1962. Arctic Forecast Guide U.S. Navy Weather Research Facility. NWRF 16-0462-058.

Rothrock, D.A., Y.Yu, G.A. Maykut. 1999. Thinning of the Arctic Sea-Ice Cover. Geophysical Research Letters 26(23):1-5.

Schmitz, W.J.Jr. 1996. On the World Ocean Circulation: Volume I: Some Global Features / North Atlantic Circulation. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report WHOI-96-03.

Schneider, S.H. 1996. "Arctic." Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather Volume 1. Oxford University Press. New York - Oxford. p. 43-47.

Sechrist, R.S., R.W. Fett, D.C. Perryman. 1989. Forecasters Handbook for the Arctic. Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility, Monterey, CA 93943-5006. Technical Report TR 89-12.

Serreze, M.C., R.G. Barry. 1988. Synoptic Activity in the Arctic Basin, 1979-85. Journal of Climate 1(12):1293.

Serreze, M.C., R.G. Barry, M.C. Rehder, J.E. Walsh. 1995. Variability In Atmospheric Circulation And Moisture Flux Over The Arctic. Phil Trans Royal Society of London A 352:215-225.

Serreze, M.C., J.E. Box, R.G. Barry, J.E. Walsh. 1993. Characteristics of Arctic Synoptic Activity, 1952-1989. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 51:147-164.

Serreze, M.C., J.E. Walsh, F.S. Chapin III, T. Osterkamp, M. Dyurgerov, V. Romanovsky, W.C. Oechel, J. Morison, T. Zhang, R.G. Barry. 2000. (in press) Observational Evidence of Recent Change in the Northern High-Latitude Environment. Climatic Change.

Sharp R.P. 1958. Polar Record, 9(58):34-5.

Weller, G. 1995. "The Polar Environment." in Polar Regions: The Illustrated Library of the Earth. edited by Jack D. Ives and David Sugden. RD press 26-32 Waterloo Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia. p. 14-24.

Welsh, J.P., R.D. Ketchum, Jr., A.W. Lohanick, L.D. Farmer, D.T. Eppler, R.E. Burge, C.J. Radl. 1986. A Compendium of Arctic Environmental Information. Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity Report 138. March.

Young, S. B. 1989. To the Arctic. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. p. 2.

Web Sites

The Aurora: The Basics, Briefly (http://www.pfrr.alaska.edu/~ddr/ASGP/STRSCOOP/AURORA/SUMMARY.HTM)

Curtis, Jan. "Home of the Northern Lights" (http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/Curtis/aurora/aurora.html)

National Science Foundation Arctic Systems Science program's report on the Arctic Change Workshop, 1998, available at http://psc.apl.washington.edu/publication/Arctic_Change/arctic.pdf)

The Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection: Maps of Polar Regions and Oceans (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/polar.html)